Editing Taekwondo

[[File:Kukkiwon_PoomDan_Comparison.png|300px|thumb|right|A sampling of the relative popularity of Kukkiwon-style taekwondo from around the world.]]
[[File:TKD_InfoGraphic.png|thumb|right|300px|Taekwondo in the U.S. (See references at the bottom of this wiki page.)]]
'''Taekwondo, '''(태권도) also spelled '''Taekwon-do''' or '''Tae Kwon Do''', is a [[Korean martial arts | Korean martial art]]. It combines combat and self-defense techniques with sport and exercise. [[Gyeorugi]], a type of sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. Taekwondo was developed by a variety of Korean masters during the 1940s and 50s as partial combination of traditional Korean martial arts (such as [[taekkyeon]]), Okinawan [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate karate], and other traditions (such as Chinese quanfa).

The name ''taekwondo'' is generally credited to [[Choi Hong Hi]] (of the [[Oh Do Kwan]]), though some sources dispute the claim that he invented the term. Regardless, was the name's major advocate. The [[World Taekwondo Federation]] claims that taekwondo development was a collaborative effort by a council consisting of members from the [[Nine Kwans|Nine Original Kwans]] (portions of the minutes of this meeting can be found in the Korean language book "A Modern History of Taekwondo"), while the [[International Taekwon-Do Federation]] credits Choi Hong Hi solely.

''Traditional taekwondo'' typically refers to the martial art as it was established in the 1940s-1960s in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces South Korean military] and in various civilian organizations, including schools and universities. Some authors also refer to some styles [[International Taekwon-Do Federation]] (ITF) taekwondo and any other "non-sport" style as traditional taekwondo.

''[[Kukkiwon]]-style ''taekwondo (sometimes called'' Sport ''taekwondo, or WTF-style'')'' was developed after traditional taekwondo and has a somewhat different focus, especially in terms of its emphasis on speed and competition (as in Olympic sparring), though of course self-defense is still at its core. Some authors refer to [[International Taekwon-Do Federation]] as a form of sport taekwondo, though as previously mentioned others refer to it as a kind of traditional taekwondo. Accordingly, the the terms "traditional" and "sport" are often inconsistently used.

Kukkiwon-style is now an event at the summer Olympic Games and is governed by the [[World Taekwondo Federation]] (WTF). [[Kukkiwon]] (Korea's national academy for taekwondo, also called the World Taekwondo Headquarters) is the traditional center for WTF taekwondo and was founded in 1973 by Dr. [[Kim Un Yong]].

Although there are doctrinal and technical differences between sparring in the two main styles and among the various organizations, the art in general emphasizes kicks and punches thrown from a mobile stance. Taekwondo training generally includes a system of blocks, kicks, punches, and open-handed strikes and may also include various take-downs or sweeps, throws, and joint locks. Pressure points, known as ''jiapsul'', are used, as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other martial arts such as Japanese [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo judo], Korean [[Hapkido|hapkido]], and Korean wrestling or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssireum ssireum]. Less commonly, taekwondo may also include [[Taekwondo Weapons Training|weapons training]].

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language Korean], ''tae'' (태, [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B7%86 跆]) means "to strike or break with the foot"; ''kwon'' (권, [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B3 拳]) means "to strike or break with the fist"; and ''do'' (도, [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%93 道]) means "way of life". Thus, ''taekwondo'' may be loosely translated as "the way of the foot and the hand." The name ''taekwondo'' is also written as ''taekwon-do'', ''tae kwon-do'', or ''tae kwon do'' by various organizations.

== Styles ==
Among the styles of taekwondo commonly practiced are:
* [[Traditional Taekwondo]]. This term generally refers to an amalgam of martial arts styles practiced during the 1940s-60s, before the various schools ([[Nine Kwans|kwans]]) that established the foundations of taekwondo in Korea were unified. There is no "single style" of traditional taekwondo; instead there are many different styles, usually based on which school (kwan) being followed. These early styles go by many different names. Traditional taekwondo often shares forms and techniques with some styles of karate.
** Some styles named after Korean kwans:
*** [[Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo]]. This is a name commonly given to the style of [[Traditional Taekwondo]] popularized in the U.S. by the actor and martial artist [[Chuck Norris]]. Moo Duk Kwan taekwondo is essentially a U.S.-variant of [[Tang Soo Do]] (which itself has another variant called [[Soo Bahk Do]]), a martial art closely related to taekwondo. [[Moo Duk Kwan]] is simply the name of one of the original [[Nine Kwans]] of taekwondo.
*** Like Moo Duk Kwan taekwondo, one can often find schools that practice taekwondo styles named after one of the original [[Nine Kwans]]. These too are often (but not always) ''traditional'' styles of taekwondo, although many modern schools of taekwondo also name themselves after one of the Nine Kwans. 
*** In addition, some students of the Nine Kwans developed their own "kwan" names and subsequently named their style of taekwondo after the kwan they established. For example: [[Suh Do Kwan]].
** Early precursors of taekwondo also went by other names such as [[Tae Soo Do]], [[Tang Soo Do]], and [[Kong Soo Do]]. These are the names used by some of the early [[Nine Kwans|kwans]] for their martial art. 
** [[Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo]]. Originally this was a U.S.-variant of [[Traditional Taekwondo]] brought to America by taekwondo pioneer [[Jhoon Rhee]]. Eventually Rhee transitioned to an ITF-style, and then later transitioned again to develop his own style (but with ITF-style elements). Note: this should not be confused with [[Chong Chul Rhee]]'s [[Rhee Taekwon-Do]] which is a very large chain of schools in Australia and New Zealand that practices ITF-style taekwondo.
** [[Kuk Mu Kwan|Kuk Mu Kwan Taekwondo]]. Also known as the ''Kang System'' (after its founder) this is a deliberately secretive style of taekwondo that purports to be particularly lethal.
[[File:ITF_sparring.jpg|thumb|300px|ITF-style sparring employs protective gear on the head, hands, feet, and groin -- but not gear on the chest, forearms, and shins. For both ITF and WT sparring, one competitor is always designated Blue while the other is Red.]]
* [[ITF Taekwon-do|International Taekwon-Do Federation]] (ITF) style, also called '''Chang Hon''' style. This can be thought of as an offshoot of the style that at the time was being developed by [[Korea Taekwondo Association]] (KTA). The KTA was chartered to unify the styles of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwans Nine Kwans]; one of these styles was [[Choi Hong Hi|General Choi's]] [[Oh Do Kwan]]-style. General Choi split from the KTA in 1966 to develop the ITF-style. (See [[Timeline of Taekwondo]] for additional detail.) Generally, ITF practitioners refer to this style as a more "traditional" form of taekwondo, though some authors use that term to apply only to pre-ITF styles. See main page '''[[ITF Taekwon-do]]'''.
** Characteristics: ITF Taekwondo is characterized by relatively wide, low stances and often more hand techniques (such as punches and strikes), sometimes delivered while performing an down-up-down ([[Taekwondo Sine Wave|sine wave]]) motion. Schools teaching ITF-style taekwondo will often have a ''punching fist'' logo. The uniform (dobok) tops are usualy white and often have a black trim depending on rank.
** Forms: ITF taekwondo practices [[ITF Patterns|chang hon]] forms.
** Spin-offs: currently there are four organizations worldwide that call themselves the International Taekwon-Do Federation. See main article [[ITF Taekwondo]].
*** The [[Global Taekwondo Federation]] (GFT) is also a spinoff of the ITF. 
*** The [[Ho-Am Taekwondo|Ho-Am]] (Tiger Rock) style of taekwondo is also a spinnoff of the ITF.
[[File:Wtf.jpg|thumb|300px|WT-style sparring includes chest, forearm, and shin protectors. At higher levels of competition the gear may enable electronic scoring. Because of the extensive protective gear, WT-style sparring is usually full-contact sparring; i.e., striking very hard is allowed.]]
* [[Kukkiwon]]/[[WT Taekwondo|World Taekwondo]] (WT) also known as ''Olympic-''style, ''Sport''-style, or more correctly '''Kukkiwon'''-style taekwondo. Shortly after the split of the ITF from the KTA's kwan-unification efforts, the remaining kwans came together to form the "national" (''kukki'') style of taekwondo. This was faciliated by the establishment of first the [[Kukkiwon]] in 1972 -- South Korean's "national academy" for taekwondo -- and then in 1973 by the establishment of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), the associated sports federation. The Kukkiwon/WT-style is arguably the most "unified" taekwondo group as it includes at least some representation from all the original kwans. See main page '''[[WTF Taekwondo]]'''.
** Characteristics: WT taekwondo is characterized by high, spinning, acrobatic kicks, with less emphasis on hand techniques during sparring. Sparring gear includes chest, arm, and leg protectors (as well as feet and hand protectors); at higher levels of comeptition the sparring gear will enable electronic scoring. 
** Forms: WT taekwondo practices [[Poomsae|taegeuk]] and [[yudanja]] forms. Previously this style practiced [[Poomsae|palgwae]] forms beteen 1967 and 1971; the palgwae poomsae were replaced in 1971 with the taegeuk series.
[[File:ATA_sparring.jpg|thumb|301px|ATA-style taekwondo practices [[point sparring]], in which the match is paused after each point is scored.]]
* In the United States, [[ATA Taekwondo|American Tae Kwon Do Association]] (ATA) taekwondo (also known as ''Songahm'' style) is also popular. ATA taekwondo was first established in 1969 as a private taekwondo school in Omaha, Nebraska by a former [[Traditional Taekwondo]] teacher in the Korean military ([[Haeng Ung Lee]]) who emigrated to the United States. ATA has since established schools across the U.S. as well as other countries. Each school is independently owned and operated and the school owners are licensed to use the Songahm forms and materials (in other words, the schools are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchising franchised]). See main page '''[[ATA Taekwondo]]'''.
** Characteristics: ATA taekwondo can be thought of as a hybrid between ITF and WT styles. Like the ITF-style, it generally focuses on combat (rather than sport sparring). Like Kukkiwon/WT-style, it places greater emphasis on kicks that ITF-style does. ATA taekwondo often incorporates weapons training.
** Forms: ATA taekwondo practices [[Songahm]] forms.
** Spin-offs:Until 2013 the ATA had established international spin-offs called the Songham Taekwondo Federation (STF) and the World Traditional Taekwondo Union (WTTU). These international spinoffs were reorganized under the ATA heading in 2013 and are no longer used, though one can still find references to STF and WTTU in a number of reference materials. 

===Less-Common Styles===
* There are many additional ''niche'' styles of taekwondo as well, for example the [[Ho-Am Taekwondo|Ho-Am]] style (mentioned above) and the [[WanJeonHan Taekwondo|WanJeonHan]] style.
* There are also offshoots of taekwondo such as:
** [[Chuck Norris]]'s [[Chun Kuk Do]] (though it would be more correct to say that this is an offshoot of the closely related martial art, [[Tang Soo Do]]).
** Kwang-jo Choi's [[Choi Kwang Do]].
** Lim Ching Sing's [[Hup Kwon Do]].
* Taekwondo-related ''hybrid'' martial arts (i.e., martial arts that mix styles) such as:
** [[Chun Kuhn Do ]] - developed by taekwondo pioneer [[Bok Man Kim]], this martial art combines taekwondo with additional grappling techniques and weapons training
** [[Gwon Gyokdo]] - combines taekwondo and muay thai.
** [[Han Moo Do]] - Scandinavian martial art that combines taekwondo, [[hapkido]], and [[hoi jeon moo sool]].
** [[Han Mu Do]] - Korean martial art that combines taekwondo and [[hapkido]].
** [[Iin Tae Kwon]] - a modern taekwondo hybrid developed by taekwondo pioneer [[Joon Jae Lee]], Iin-Tae Kwon combines [[Traditional Taekwondo]] with additional techniques including weapon disarms, joint-locks, and take-downs.
** [[Kajukenbo]] - an American hybrid combining Karate, Tang Soo Do, Judo, Jujutsu, Kenpo, and Boxing.
** [[Teukgong Moosool]] - Korean martial art that combines elements of taekwondo, [[hapkido]], judo, [[Kyuk Too Ki|kyuk too ki]], and Chinese martial arts.
** [[Yongmudo]] - developed at Korea's Yong-In University, combines taekwondo, [[hapkido]], judo, and [[ssireum]].
** [[Tong Che Bahk Do]] - U.S. martial art that combines [[Traditional Taekwondo|traditional taekwondo]], karate, and kung fu.
* See '''[[Korean martial arts]]''' for a more complete list of related martial arts.
* See '''[[List of Taekwondo Associations]]''' for a more complete list of taekwondo associations and federations.

{{Comparison of First Forms}}
{{Comparison of Styles}}

== Defining Characteristics of Taekwondo ==
'''Kicking '''- As compared to other martial arts, all styles of taekwondo (but especially ''sport'' taekwondo) places heavy emphasis on ''kicking''. This is predicated on the principle that legs are longer and stronger than arms and so should be more effective in combat. Taekwondo kicking is also often higher than other martial arts kicking, often aiming for head-height.

'''Twisting power''' - Another characteristic common to all forms of taekwondo is the user of "twisting power" particularly in blocks and punches. The idea here is that a block or a punch is faster, more powerful, and more accurate if the arm and hand are rotating through the movement. So for example punches start palm-up at the waist then finish palm-down at the target so that the fist is twisting to the target. Taekwondo practitioners compare this to the rifling motion of a bullet.

'''Action / reaction''' - Another characteristic of taekwondo is the notion (for example) that as one part of the body moves forward, another part should be moving backward. So for example when practicing punches, the non-punching hand (the off hand) will aim forward before the punch so that it can be pulled sharply backward during the punch. It is believed that this gives the punch additional power and "snap."

'''Narrow stance''' - Unlike many other martial arts, taekwondo generally prefers a narrow stance rather than a wide stance. Wide stances are believed to provide more stability, but taekwondo practitioners believe that wide stances also diminish your ability to turn quickly. Narrow stances facilitate turning the body quickly, which is especially important in taekwondo given its emphasis on spinning and jumping kicks.

'''Relax / strike''' - Taekwondo practitioners believe that, one should relax the body before striking, then tense the relevant portions of the body during the strike. The premise is that this conserves energy (keeping one's muscles constantly tensed is tiring) and also improves power.

For some schools of ITF taekwondo, "[[Taekwondo Sine Wave|sine wave]]" - The principle of relax / strike is taken further in some forms of ITF taekwondo, in that it is believed that the body should be raised before strikes or blocks, then lowered during the strike or block to improve power. Conversely, WTF taekwondo practitioners favor a constant-height approach to taekwondo, with the top of the head ideally maintained at the same height between blocks and strikes.

== Brief History ==
[[File:The Origin of Taekwondo ART OF ONE DOJO|thumb|right|335 px]]
'''See also main article: [[Taekwondo History]] '''

The oldest Korean martial art was an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by the three rival Korean Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje, where young men were trained in unarmed combat techniques to develop strength, speed, and survival skills. The most popular of these techniques was ssireum and subak, with taekkyeon being the most popular of the components of subak. The Northern Goguryeo kingdom was a dominant force in Northern Korea and North Eastern China prior to the 1st century CE, and again from the 3rd century to the 6th century. Before the fall of the Goguryeo Dynasty in the 6th century, the Shilla Kingdom asked for help in training its people for defense against pirate invasions. During this time a few select Silla warriors were given training in taekkyeon by the early masters from Goguryeo. These Shilla warriors then became known as the [[Hwarang]]. The Hwarang set up a military academy for the sons of royalty in Silla called Hwarang-do, which means "the way of flowering manhood." The Hwarang studied [[taekkyeon]], history, Confucian philosophy, ethics, Buddhist morality, social skills, and military tactics. The guiding principles of the Hwarang warriors were based on Won Gwang's five codes of human conduct and included loyalty, filial duty, trustworthiness, valor, and justice. Taekkyeon spread throughout Korea as the Hwarang traveled throughout the peninsula.

[[Image:KoreanMartialArtsHistory.png|middle|670px]]

In spite of Korea's rich history of ancient and martial arts, Korean martial arts faded into obscurity during the late Joseon Dynasty. Korean society became highly centralized under Korean Confucianism, and martial arts were poorly regarded in a society whose ideals were epitomized by its scholar-kings. Formal practices of traditional martial arts such as subak and taekkyeon were reserved for sanctioned military uses. However, taekkyeon persisted into the 19th century as a folk game during the May-Dano festival, and was still taught as the formal military martial art throughout the Joseon Dynasty.

When the Japanese occupation of Korea ended in 1945, Korean martial arts schools (kwans) began to open in Korea. Most of the men who opened these schools had studied karate while in Japan during the occupation, though many had studied other martial arts as well, including Chinese martial arts and older, traditional Korean martial arts such as taekkyon.

[[Image:FiveKwans.png|middle|670px]]

In 1952, at the height of the Korean War, there was a martial arts exhibition in which the kwans displayed their skills. In one demonstration, [[Nam Tae Hi]] smashed 13 roof tiles with a punch. Following this demonstration, South Korean President [[Syngman Rhee]] instructed [[Choi Hong Hi]] to introduce the martial arts to the Korean army. By the mid-1950s, nine kwans had emerged. Syngman Rhee ordered that the various schools unify under a single system. The name "taekwondo" was submitted by either Choi Hong Hi (of the [[Oh Do Kwan]]) or [[Duk Sung Son]] (of the [[Chung Do Kwan]]), and was accepted on April 11, 1955. As it stands today, the [[Nine Kwans|nine kwans]] are the founders of taekwondo, though not all of the kwans used the name. The [[Korean Taekwondo Association]] (KTA) was formed in 1959-1961 to facilitate the unification.

[[Image:EvolutionTKD.png|middle|670px]]

In the early 1960s, taekwondo made its début worldwide with assignment of the [[Original Masters|original masters]] of taekwondo to various countries. Standardization efforts in South Korea stalled, as the kwans continued to teach differing styles. Another request from the Korean government for unification resulted in the formation of the Korea Tae Soo Do Association, which changed its name back to the Korean Taekwondo Association in 1965 following a change of leadership. The [[ITF Taekwon-do|International Taekwon-Do Federation]] was founded in 1966, followed by the [[WTF Taekwondo|World Taekwondo Federation]] in 1973.

Since 2000, taekwondo has been one of only two Asian martial arts (the other being judo) that are included in the Olympic Games. It became a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, and became an official medal event at the 2000 games in Sydney. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport.

One source estimated that as of 2009, taekwondo was practiced in 123 countries, with over 30 million practitioners and 3 million individuals with black belts throughout the world. The South Korean government in the same year published an estimate of 70 million practitioners in 190 countries.

==See Also==
*[[Taekwondo History]] and [[Timeline of Taekwondo]]
*[[Taekwondo Philosophy]]
*[[Taekwondo Symbolism]]

==References==
*Taekwondo history on [http://www.taekwondo-guide.com/Taekwondo-History.html taekwondo-guide.com]
*Taekwondo on Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo
*The Taekwondo page on the Korean version of Wikipedia http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/태권도 (use a Chrome browser or Google Translate to read in English).

=== U.S. Infographic References ===
# http://sportsclubadvisors.net/martial-arts-clubs-industry-snap-shot/
# https://martialartsteachers.com/where-did-13014-martial-arts-schools-go/
# http://kms.kukkiwon.or.kr/usr/main.do
# https://ataonline.com/newsroom/fast-facts.asp
# https://ataonline.com/schools/
# http://www.martialtalk.com/threads/wt-itf-demographics.125847/

{{Wikipedia|Taekwondo}}
[[Category:Martial Art]]
[[Category:Taekwondo]]